A constructed response strategy like RACE or RACES is a great way to support your students when responding to reading. Since many state and provincial assessments expect these types of responses, it is essential that we explicitly teach students how to answer them! This post shares why I've chosen the RACES strategy and how to introduce and implement it in your classroom.

Photo of Reader's Notebook pages in two formats with text, "How to Use the RACES Strategy to Teach Responding to Reading"

What does RACES stand for?

RACES is an acronym designed to help students remember the essential parts of reading response. Some classrooms don't include the S, but I think it is a necessary bridge to longer-form essay writing. The RACES acronym stands for:

       Restate
       Answer
       Cite
       Explain
       Sum it up

How to introduce and implement RACES

Let's take a closer look at each of the parts:

Restate and Answer the Question

For me, the first two parts of the RACES strategy work hand in hand. Students should use words from the question in a statement form that answers the question.

Photo of RACES poster with R and A sections circled

For example, if the question asked, "Who is your favorite character in the book you are reading?" the students should begin their response using something like this:

Photo of reading response page with partial response.

The text reads: "In the book Holes, my favorite character is Zero because he is brave."

The student has both used words from the question (Restate) and given their answer.

Cite the Evidence

The next part of the strategy requires students to cite the evidence that supports their answers.

Photo of RACES poster with C section circled

In the case of the example above, students will need to find a place in the text that proves that Zero is brave. They may write something like:

The text reads: "In the book Holes, my favorite character is Zero because he is brave. On page 144, Zero explains that his mother left him in the park and didn't return. He told Stanley that he lived there for a month before someone found him."

Depending on the standards or expectations in your curriculum, you may expect your students to either paraphrase the text or use direct quotes here.

Explain Your Thinking

In this part of the process, students explain the evidence they just cited.

Photo of RACES photo with E section circled

This is the perfect place for students to answer the question So what? and say why the evidence matters. I also tell my students that this is a great place to include their opinions and feelings about the content by making personal connections to the story or text.

The text reads: "In the book Holes, my favorite character is Zero because he is brave. On page 144, Zero explains that his mother left him in the park and didn't return. He told Stanley that he lived there for a month before someone found him. Being a child all alone in a strange place would be a scary experience. I remember a time when I woke up and couldn't find my parents. I ran around the house looking everywhere for them and started to cry when I couldn't find them anywhere. It turned out they had crossed the road to talk with our neighbor. I can't imagine being alone for a whole month."

The student has explained a personal connection directly related to the character's bravery mentioned in their answer.

Sum It Up

In this optional part of the RACES strategy, I teach my students to return to their topic sentences and use different words to say the same thing.

Photo of RACES poster with S section circled

For the response above, the student might write:

Model responding to reading, then practice, practice, practice

I use every opportunity I can to help my students practice this strategy.

We spend time orally answering questions by restating them and giving answers. We guess what a question might have been by reading the topic sentence of a reading response sample. I spent many lessons walking students through modeled reading responses based on our class read-aloud. We look (anonymously) at student work samples and identify the parts of the RACES strategy in their responses. We also build a Bump It Up Wall to explicitly display the qualities of a good response and show examples of how to improve student work.

Having this RACES strategy established as regular practice from the beginning of the school year puts students in an excellent position to respond to reading questions on state or provincial assessments in the spring.

If you'd like a copy of the RACES strategy poster I used in this post, it is part of my full-year Reader's Notebook and Reading Response resource.